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1、双方就借贷法律关系达成合意;
2、出借人实际向借款人交付了出借款项。
出借人能够提供真实完整的借款凭证的情况下,一般应可以推定其与借款人之间达成了借款合同关系的合意,并且实际履行了款项交付义务。其次,双方当事人之间无论是否签订了书面借款合同,都可能对借款的实际交付未保留完整证据,特别是借款通过现金交付的情况下,出借人往往只能提供借款合同或者借据、收条、欠条等证据,证明款项已经交付。
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根据《合同法》、《商业银行法》的规定,借款合同一般应包括以下条款:
1、借款种类
借款种类主要是按借款方的行业属性、借款用途以及资金来源和运用方式进行划分的。针对不同种类的借款,国家信贷政策在贷款的限额、利率等方面有不同规定,以体现区别对待、择优扶持的信贷原则。因此,借款合同一定要订明借款种类,它是借款合同必不可少的主要条款。
2、借款币种
借款币种即借款合同标的的种类。借款合同的标的除人民币外,还包括一些外币,如美元、日元、欧元等。不同的货币种类借款利率有所不同,借款合同应对货币种类明确规定。
3、借款用途
借款用途是指借款使用的范围和内容,即贷款在生产和再生产过程中与哪种生产要素相结合,它规定了贷款的使用方向。借款用途是由借款种类和条件所决定的,银行严格规定各种借款用途并监督贷款的使用情况,有利于保证国家产业政策的实施和国民经济的协调发展,同时也有利于保证贷款的安生性。
4、借款数额
借款数额,是指借贷货币数量的多少。任何合同都必须有数量条款,只有标的而没有数量的合同是无法履行的。没有数量,当事人权利义务的大小就无法确定,借款合同没有借款数额,就无法确定借贷货币的多少,也失去了计算借贷利息的依据,因此,没有借款数额条款,借款合同便不能成立。
5、借款利率
利率是指一定时期借款利息与借款本金的比率。利率的高低对确定借贷双方当事人权利义务多少至关重要,借款合同不能没有利率条款。
6、借款期限
借款期限是指借贷双方依照有关规定,在合同中约定的借款使用期限。借款期限应按借款种类、借款性质、借款用途分别确定。在借款合同中,当事人订立借款期限必须具体、明确、全面,以确保借款合同的顺利履行。
7、还款方式
还款方式,是指借款人采取何种结算方式将借款返还给贷款人。借款人一般可以采用一次结清和分期分批偿还,如果是分期的情况,应明确具体时间以及具体金额等。
8、违约责任
违约责任,是指当事人不履行合同义务时所应承担的法律责任。如果借款合同中缺少了违约责任条款,当事人的违约行为就失去了法律约束依据,当事人的权利就失去了保障,合同履行将受到严重的影响。借款合同中约定违约责任条款对于督促当事人及时、正确、全面地履行合同,保护当事人权益有重要意义,因此,也是合同的主要条款。
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