涉外建设工程分包合同的法律主体

Legal
Entities of Subcontract of Foreign Construction Engineering Project

在国际工程承包领域，由于项目工程大，总承包商往往会将工程的某些部分或总工程量的一定比例分派给一些符合资质条件的分包商完成。而在分包过程中若出现分包合同不能正常履行而导致分包商违约或因分包商的责任导致总承包商的额外损失的情况下，就会产生业主、总承包商与分包商三者之间的法律关系。

In
the practice of contract for international
engineering projects, general contractors of large-scale projects generally assign
certain part(s) of the projects (or make assignment of the total project
quantity by certain proportion) to subcontractors with
corresponding qualifications. In case of breach of contract by the
subcontractors due to failure of proper performance of corresponding subcontracts
or in case of any extra losses sustained by the general contractors for reasons
attributed to the subcontracts, legal relations among the project owners, general
contractors and subcontractors come into existence.   

FIDIC是国际咨询工程师联合会的简称，其制定的许多规范性文件广泛应用于国际工程承包项目。《FIDIC土木工程施工合同》的合同条件中规定分包可以由业主和承包商在签订合同时指定好，或由工程师指令承包商雇用分包商承担部分工作。对于指定分包商（Nominated
Subcontractor），FIDIC合同条件规定若产生若承包商反对雇用指定分包商，而业主却坚持使用分包商的情况下，承包商对于分包商出现的问题不需要向业主承担责任。但这与我国关于业主、总承包商与分包商的规定是相冲突的，我国《建设工程施工合同（示范文本）》38.3条有对分包的原则性规定：“工程分包不能解除承包人任何责任与义务。承包人应在分包场地派驻相应管理人员，保证本合同的履行。分包单位的任何违约行为或疏忽导致工程损害或给发包人造成其他损失，承包人承担连带责任。”由此可以看出，我国相关规定要求承包商对因分包商造成的损失也应承担相应连带责任。这样一来，我国涉外建设工程承包合同的法律关系更加复杂化，一个国际建设工程承包关系会涉及多个承包商与分包商，它们往往位于不同的国家，在适用法律问题上就会牵涉到管辖权的冲突。

The
acronym “FIDIC” stands for the International Federation of
Consulting Engineers. Many of its regulatory documents apply extensively to
international engineering contract projects. Under FIDIC Conditions of Contract for Works
of Civil Engineering Construction, the
owner and the contractor under a contract for works of civil engineering
construction may stipulate matters on subcontract
upon entering into the contract, or the contractor may, under the engineer’s
instructions, employ a subcontractor to undertake part of the contract project.
As to the nominated subcontractor, under FIDIC
Conditions of Contract, if the contractor refused to employ a
nominated subcontractor and the owner insisted on employing a subcontractor,
the contractor shall not be held liable to the owner for any matter caused by the
subcontractor. Such provisions are in conflict with provisions of China on the
relations among the owners, general contractors and subcontractors. According
to provisions of subcontracting principle under Article 38.3 of the Sample of PRC's Construction Engineering Contract, “project
subcontracting shall not release a contractor from any liability or obligation
under a construction engineering contract; the contractor shall dispatch
relevant management personnel to station on the site of subcontracting to
ensure performance of the contract; the contractor shall be jointly and
severally liable for any damages to the project or other losses to the contract-offering
party caused by any breach or negligence of subcontractors”, the contractor
shall be jointly and severally liable for losses caused by the subcontractor. Such
conflict of laws makes legal relations under foreign construction engineering
contracts more complicated. An international construction engineering contract may
involve many contractors and subcontractors from different countries, giving
rise to conflict of governing laws.  

II.     
我国涉外建设工程分包合同关系的法律适用

Laws
Governing Relations under a Foreign Construction Engineering Contract in China  

我国《建设工程施工合同（示范文本）》37.1款在承发包双方解决争端问题上做了如此规定：“发包人承包人在履行合同时发生争议，可以和解或者要求有关主管部门调解。当事人不愿和解、调解或者和解、调解不成的，双方可以在专用条款内约定一种方式解决争议：第一种解决方式：双方达成仲裁协议，向约定的仲裁委员会申请仲裁；第二种解决方式：向有管辖权的人民法院起诉。”由此可以看出，仲裁或诉讼为我国建设工程施工合同发生纠纷时可选择的争端解决方式。